Epilepsy |Overview, causes, symptoms, and treatments 


Overview

Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by repeated seizures. A seizure is usually defined as a sudden alteration of behavior due to a temporary change in the electrical functioning of the brain. Normally, the brain continuously generates tiny electrical impulses in an orderly pattern. These impulses travel along neurons — the network of nerve cells in the brain — and throughout the whole body via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.

Anyone can develop epilepsy. Epilepsy affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds, and ages.

Seizure symptoms can vary widely. Some people with epilepsy simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, while others repeatedly twitch their arms or legs. Having a single seizure doesn't mean you have epilepsy. At least two unprovoked seizures are generally required for an epilepsy diagnosis.
Treatment with medications or sometimes surgery can control seizures for the majority of people with epilepsy. Some people require lifelong treatment to control seizures, but for others, the seizures eventually go away. Some children with epilepsy may outgrow the condition with age.
In epilepsy the brain's electrical rhythms have a tendency to become imbalanced, resulting in recurrent seizures. In patients with seizures, the normal electrical pattern is disrupted by sudden and synchronized bursts of electrical energy that may briefly affect their consciousness, movements or sensations.


Symptoms


Because epilepsy is caused by abnormal activity in the brain, seizures can affect any process your brain coordinates. Seizure signs and symptoms may include:

  1. Temporary confusion
  2. A staring spell
  3. Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
  4. Loss of consciousness or awareness
  5. Psychic symptoms such as fear, anxiety or deja vu

          Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure. In most cases, a person with epilepsy will tend to have the same type of seizure each time so the symptoms will be similar from episode to episode.
          Doctors generally classify seizures as either focal or generalized, based on how the abnormal brain activity begins.


          Types of Seizures


          When seizures appear to result from abnormal activity in just one area of your brain, they're called focal (partial) seizures. These seizures fall into two categories:

          Focal seizures without loss of consciousness. Once called simple partial seizures, these seizures don't cause a loss of consciousness. They may alter emotions or change the way things look, smell, feel, taste or sound. They may also result in involuntary jerking of a body part, such as an arm or leg, and spontaneous sensory symptoms such as tingling, dizziness and flashing lights.

          Focal seizures with impaired awareness. Once called complex partial seizures, these seizures involve a change or loss of consciousness or awareness. During a complex partial seizure, you may stare into space and not respond normally to your environment or perform repetitive movements, such as hand rubbing, chewing, swallowing or walking in circles.


          Symptoms of focal seizures may be confused with other neurological disorders, such as a migraine, narcolepsy or mental illness. A thorough examination and testing are needed to distinguish epilepsy from other disorders.


          Generalized seizures


          Seizures that appear to involve all areas of the brain are called generalized seizures. Six types of generalized seizures exist.

          1. Absence seizures. Absence seizures, previously known as petit mal seizures, often occur in children and are characterized by staring into space or subtle body movements such as eye blinking or lip smacking. These seizures may occur in clusters and cause a brief loss of awareness.
          2. Tonic seizures. Tonic seizures cause stiffening of your muscles. These seizures usually affect muscles in your back, arms, and legs and may cause you to fall to the ground.
          3. Atonic seizures. Atonic seizures, also known as drop seizures, cause a loss of muscle control, which may cause you to suddenly collapse or fall down.
          4. Clonic seizures. Clonic seizures are associated with repeated or rhythmic, jerking muscle movements. These seizures usually affect the neck, face, and arms.
          5. Myoclonic seizures. Myoclonic seizures usually appear as sudden brief jerks or twitches of your arms and legs.
          6. Tonic-clonic seizures. Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are the most dramatic type of epileptic seizure and can cause an abrupt loss of consciousness, body stiffening and shaking, and sometimes loss of bladder control or biting your tongue.


          When to see a doctor

          Seek immediate medical help if any of the following occurs:

          1. The seizure lasts more than five minutes.
          2. Breathing or consciousness doesn't return after the seizure stops.
          3. A second seizure follows immediately.
          4. You have a high fever.
          5. You're experiencing heat exhaustion.
          6. You're pregnant.
          7. You have diabetes.
          8. You've injured yourself during the seizure.


          Causes

          Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including:


          1. Genetic influence. Some types of epilepsy, which are categorized by the type of seizure you experience or the part of the brain that is affected, run in families. In these cases, it's likely that there's a genetic influence.
          2. Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes, but for most people, genes are only part of the cause of epilepsy. Certain genes may make a person more sensitive to environmental conditions that trigger seizures.
          3. Head trauma. Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy.
          4. Brain conditions. Brain conditions that cause damage to the brain, such as brain tumors or strokes, can cause epilepsy. Stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy in adults older than age 35.
          5. Infectious Diseases. Infectious diseases, such as meningitis, AIDS and viral encephalitis, can cause epilepsy.
          6. Prenatal injury. Before birth, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors, such as an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or oxygen deficiencies. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy.
          7. Developmental Disorders. Epilepsy can sometimes be associated with developmental disorders, such as autism and neurofibromatosis.
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